Фильм Сын С Ивом Монтаном Торрент Бесплатно В Хорошем КачествеТелепрограмма на неделю. Премьера. Группа бандитов убивает и грабит инкассаторов. Один из убитых - Игорь Говорков - муж сотрудницы ограбленного универмага. На место преступления выезжает группа Черкасова.
Начинается расследование. Выясняется, что бывшая жена Черкасова Вера - директор универмага. Грабители живут на даче Ильи Любинского. Недавно в банду приняты новенькие - Сергей и Нюра. Они проявили себя в операции неплохо, их решают оставить. Следующее нападение - снова на инкассаторов того же универмага, несмотря. Сергей расскажет про подготовку к своему концерту, посвященному его 5. Речь пойдет, в частности, об отношениях России и США, военной операции в Сирии, образе России в мире и защите прав соотечественников за рубежом. Генерал Гришин уважает и ценит Борзову как прекрасного специалиста. Ив Монтан (Yves Montand). Полный список фильмов и совместных работы с другими актерами и режиссерами. Лучшие фильмы с Мэрилин Монро - роли в кино звезды Голливуда Мэрилин Миллиардер и бизнесмен Жан-Марк Клеман ( Ив Монтан) узнает, что он Книгоиздатель Ричард Шерман (Том Юэлл), отправив свою жену и сына на. Но узнав о любовной связи Алевтины и своего зятя, Гришин предлагает ей уехать из Москвы в Нижний Новгород и возглавить там отдел по тяжким преступлениям при областном управлении. Нижний Новгород встречает Алевтину неприветливо. Она попадает в сплоченный мужской коллектив. В 1988 году у них рождается сын Валентин. Ив Монтан в 1955 году написал книгу воспоминаний "Солнцем полна голова". Монтану посвящены фильмы. В 1947 году америкаyнский поэт-песенник Джонни Мерсер (Johnny Mercer). Материнский призыв «Иво, монта!» стал именем – Ив Монтан. Он давал «сольники» в «Этуаль», выпустил золотой диск «Осенние листья», а фильм режиссера Клузо «Плата за страх» с Монтаном в главной роли получил Гран-при в Каннах. Максим Решетников, Николай, Антон и Тарас - ребята неплохие. Горячий политический сезон в прямом эфире! Группа полковника Удальцова выезжает на место. Выясняется, что уже задержаны двое друзей - Соснов и Левадов, дружившие с погибшей. Изучив дела, профайлеры - так называют специалистов по составлению психологических портретов преступников - засомневались в виновности задержанных. Узнав, что кроме этого есть и другие похожие случаи, профайлеры составляют портрет преступника. Он помогает определить убийцу и задержать его. Но вместо телешоу Шилов видит кровавую бойню: трое киллеров в масках расстреляли всех участников программы, в которой обсуждался обличительный репортаж о бригаде давнего знакомого Шилова - генерала Калюжного. В этой мясорубке погибает и Марианна. На полу студии Шилов находит странную гильзу, каких никогда не видел раньше. Поддаться давлению обстоятельств и навсегда уехать, продав за бесценок хозяйство и землю? Или, несмотря на смертельную опасность и страх за близких людей, бросить преступной системе вызов? Главный герой Сергей Краснов - бывший полковник российской армии и владелец собственного процветающего. Он - дворник в маленьком провинциальном городке, утопающем в русских снегах где- то неподалеку от Москвы. Она - непонятно какими судьбами занесенная в эту вот глухомань столичная штучка. Обычное холодное утро. Она безуспешно ищет гостиницу, и, увидев какого- то мужика в спецовке, рада хоть с кем- то поговорить. Тем более мужик на дворника совсем не похож: речь, манеры, ирония. Подруги Шура, Нина и Зойка оканчивают школу. За Шурой ухаживает Степан, в которого безумно влюблена Зойка. Таисия, мать Шуры, втайне от мужа Николая встречается с председателем Савелием Кузьмичом. После выпускного вечера Шура с Ниной уезжают в Москву поступать в институт. Нина и Шура сдают экзамены в медицинский институт. Зойка остается работать в колхозе дояркой. Григорий Ефимович, отец Зои, в пылу ссоры упрекает ее мать Полину Матвеевну, что дочь ему не родная. Спецрепортаж. ТВ Центр. Специальный репортаж об энергетической политике России и перспективах строительства новых газопроводов в Европу. Как продвигаются переговоры по ? Нужны ли России сразу два новых газопровода в Европу, и что изменится для Украины с потерей статуса страны- тра. Арсений Троепольский признавал в жизни только одно - работу. Она была его пищей, его возлюбленной, его развлечением. Дизайнерская компьютерная фирма, которую он возглавлял, процветала. И вот внезапно гром грянул среди ясного неба. Убили зама, гения дизайна - Федора Грекова. Самое ужасное, что его труп нашел.. Отсидев три дня в кутузке, как главный подозреваемый, он появился в конторе, но возвращение к любимой работе его отнюдь не обрадовало. Нескучная классика.. Культура. 20. 0. 5. Самая известная певица нашей страны Анна Нетребко давно не радовала поклонников участием в новых постановках на сценах российских театров. И вот примадонна вместе со своим мужем, тенором Юсифом Эйвазовым готовят премьеру . Пуччини на сцене Большого театра. Несколько лет назад после одного из исполнений оперы . В наши дни полным ходом идет работа над созданием искусственной жизни, и в современных научных лабораториях робототехники с помощью биологов проектируют машины, обладающие удивительными способностями.. Встретились снова только через полгода - и уже никогда не расставались. Она научилась смотреть на мир его глазами, а он - доверял ей как себе. Варвара Арбузова благодарит судьбу за тот январский вечер, когда в ее жизни появился человек с коротким именем Савва. Она решает закодировать отца по купону. Мать Андрея в тайне от сына хочет откупиться от Ани и ее будущего ребенка. Тиме не дают покоя его азербайджанские корни, и он решает пойти на рынок к своему дяде Тото и, как настоящий мужик, . Но там больше нет места для обладателей собственной жилплощади. Зато никто не запрещает перетащить общагу к себе в квартиру. Останется только каждый раз находить повод собирать у себя дорогих друзей. Пытаясь ускользнуть от такого большего количества известных людей, Джей Барушель вместе с Сетом отправляется за сигаретами. Обычная прогулка в магазин приводит к столкновению с необъяснимым явлением: таинственные лучи света похищают людей. В Голливуде начинается настоящий апокалипсис. Должность бухгалтера, которую она рассчитывала получить после окончания колледжа, уже занята. Со своим парнем Максимом поссорилась, а отношения с отцом, у которого другая семья, натянуты до предела. Самому близкому человеку на свете - другу детства Пашке - после автокатастрофы необходима дорогостоящая операция за границей, на которую нет денег. Неожиданно Саша получает приглашение зайти в нотариальную. Неожиданно у Игоря намечается командировка в Турцию, и Татьяна решает составить ему компанию в поездке. В Стамбуле пара отправляется на консультацию в клинику репродуктивной медицины. По пути происходит непредвиденная ситуация - Игорь спасает мужчину от попадания под колеса машины, который в итоге оказывается разыскиваемым ими врачом. После посещения клиники Игорь улетает на съезд инвесторов. Авторы цикла дадут ответ на простые и в то же время сложные вопросы: почему количество природных катастроф за последние годы выросло в несколько раз? Может ли питьевая вода стать причиной глобальной войны? Какие опасности таит в себе здоровый образ жизни? Почему лекарств в аптеках становится всё больше, а пользы от них - всё меньше? За счёт чего и кого богатеют корпорации? Полицейский Даг Карлин расследует дело о взрыве пассажирского парома, унесшего жизни более 5. Все улики указывают на то, что это был террористический акт. Агенты ФБР предлагают Дагу объединить усилия по раскрытию преступления. В их распоряжении находится секретная система спутникового слежения, позволяющая сворачивать временное пространство и наблюдать за событиями, произошедшими 4 дня назад. С ее помощью Карлин надеется вернуться в прошлое и помешать коварным планам. Отчаявшись, молодые люди решаются на усыновление. В приюте они знакомятся с Эстер - милой девочкой, родители которой недавно погибли при страшном пожаре. Но после удочерения Эстер с новоиспеченными родителями начинают происходить странные вещи. Вскоре они начинают понимать, что с их приёмной дочерью очевидно что- то не так. Галина защищает Николая, ведь он может быть добрым и заботливым, просто нужно знать подход. Но когда оказывается, что и её методы не действуют, Галина не знает, что делать. Какое- то время, заручившись помощью Вадика, Костя разрывается между двумя работами, но вскоре ситуация откроется ему с неожиданной стороны. Бакин делает Рите предложение. А у Антипова начинаются проблемы из- за излишней агрессии. В своих дерзких и подчас невоздержанных попытках стать настоящими мужчинами парни встречают массу сюрпризов.. Ударная волна. 5 канал. Напуганные стремительным наступлением советских войск немцы решают демонтировать и увезти в Германию урановый котел, находящийся в Харьковском физико- техническом институте. Допустить чтобы ядерный реактор попал в руки к врагу нельзя, и работники СМЕРШа придумывают операцию, с помощью которой можно не допустить врага к самому опасному оружию в мире.. Вместе с ней погибает её молодой спутник - бывший полицейский Яков Муравьев. При вскрытии выясняется, что они погибли не в результате аварии и не утонули. Изучив обстановку, эксперты делают вывод, что преступник был хорошо знаком с убитым. Убойный отдел начинает разрабатывать первую версию - другой спортсмен решил убрать конкурента на место в сборной. Вскоре они узнают об еще одном обстоятельстве - погибшему не раз угрожал отец его бывшей девушки. Он пройдет все испытания. Он выйдет победителем в дуэлях со смертью.. Но как узнать, насколько они правдоподобны и верны? Ведь порой мифы могут оказаться рисковыми и опасными для жизни. Можно ли чихнуть со скоростью 1. Может ли торнадо превратить кусок стекла в гильотину? Как вызвать бурю самолетом, выдержит ли автомобиль натиск урагана и возможно ли создать средство защиты от торнадо? Правда ли, что человеку, находящемуся в состоянии. Одному из полицейских, Кевину, принимавшему непосредственное участие в аресте, поручают охрану секретарши преступника, которая проходит по делу в качестве главного свидетеля. Но в день суда она исчезает. Только разыскав девушку и арестовав Чи, Кевин сможет снять с себя подозрение в соучастии..
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Все фильмы 2. 01. Популярные комедии 2012 года, в том числе "Железное небо", "Идеальный голос", "Убойный уикенд", .
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Wenn du Saints Row 3 also dann unzensiert haben willst, lass es dir als Geschenkeinkauf . Aber ich habe hier NUR von dem Fall Saints Row 2 gesprochen und da SAH ES ANDERS AUS. Aber ich habe hier NUR von dem Fall Saints Row 2 gesprochen und da SAH ES ANDERS AUS. Ich habe auch die UK- Version (retail) und hatte einige Schwierigkeiten sie zu aktivieren. Aber es besteht ja durchaus die M. Erstellen Sie einen Beitrag im Uncut Patch Forum. Dieser Erfolg wurde von RMT (Heute, 08:08) und 2 Anderen errungen. Saints Row Secret World Sleeping Dogs Singularity Sniper Elite Star Wars Starcraft Street Fighter Soul. X.X.RIDDICK.X.x and Persia.King p r e s e n t Saints Row The Third DELUXE EDITION incl. DLC Pack RELEASE NOTES Game Type.: Action Protection.: STEAM Language Game.: Englisch, Franz Hallo ich habe mein saints row the third auf uncut gepatcht aber weiss. Gibt es einen Patch oder . Saints Row: The Third, Saints Row IV, Saints Row IV: Game of the Century Edition, Saints Row: Gat out of Hell, Saints Row: The Third. Saints Row: The Third UNCUT PATCH? Hatte mir dies gekauft weil ich diese ganzen Indie Games mag. Das macht keine Probleme. Nur keinen proxy verwenden, sondern eine gut sortierte Friendlist haben : D. Lernt mehr englisch leute, holt euch internationale freunde^^. Ich sammel langsam aus jedem Land einen : D. Valrynator. 10- 1. PMSaints Row 2 l. Habe selbst damit noch keine Erfahrung gemacht und werde mir SR2 eventuell giften lassen wenn's bei der THQ week billig wird. Hab durch Steamtrading ja jetzt einen ausl. Ich will spielen, net die Box anstarren x. D. Valrynator. 10- 1. PMNaja, ich kaufe mir die Spiele lieber als Retailversion weil ich die Box haben will. Ist halt Geschmackssache ; ) Gifts sind f. Und dann will ich's auch aktivieren k. Was ja mit allen meinen Spielen bis jetzt geklappt hat. AMGifts kann man nicht selbst aktivieren, diese sind bereits mit dem Kauf des Gifters aktiviert. Ru. NN! n. G s. Ca. Re: D1. 0- 1. 2- 2. AMIch hab SR2 aus UK gegiftet bekommen, weils wer von einer Preorder . Das macht keine Probleme. Nur keinen proxy verwenden, sondern eine gut sortierte Friendlist haben : D. Jedes Geschenk ist schon vom Absender aktiviert worden. Du hast nur ein aktiviertes Spiel angenommen - klar, dass das dann auch geht. Zero. The. Hero. 10- 1. AMPrima, dann ist das ja gekl. Nun lese ich hier und da, das es sich warscheinlich auf normalen Wege nicht in meinem deutschen Steam aktivieren l. Mal gucken was die sagen. Weil wenn das nicht geht, storniere ich meine Bestellung. AMTHQ hat mir bisher nicht geantwortet. Soll aber sehr einfach sein. Scorcher. 24. 10- 2. AMVPN ist nicht erlaubt von der SSA her. Machen aber anscheinend sehr viele wenn man googlet. Was hei. Kannste die Zeilen nicht hier rein kopieren? Hmm, nee, wird warscheinlich nicht erlaubt sein : (Scorcher. AMSie d. Hatte die ersten 2 Zeilen davon . Vor allem gehs auch k. Die Frage ist wie gut man das nachweisen kann oder wie oft das kontrolliert wird. Ich meine deswegen weil - wie gesagt - google findet viele solcher erfolgreiche Meldungen. Naja wie auch immer, das Saints Row AT PEGI nicht standardm. Wenn du im einen Moment in DE bist, dann aus AT per VPN das Ding aktivierst und 1. Bisher noch erfolglos. Aber das ist nicht so schlimm. Was das ganze mit . Es hat ne Weile gedauert, sich die auszusuchen aber so habe ich immer Freunde mit denen man eben handeln kann. Das Public Trading mag ich ehrlich gesagt auch nicht so wirklich^^. PMNat. Jo, generell mag ich Special Edition Boxen im Regal stehen zu haben. Gespielt werden sie aber trotzdem : cool: Was mich bei Steam Spielen aber eher zu einer Retail Version greifen l. Irgendwo Retail bestellt 3. Und das sehe ich einfach nicht ein. Auch da bin ich schon viel Geld losgeworden. Die Menge machts : DPumpgunner. AMW? Oder gibt es bei Spielstart jedesmal nen IP+Game Version Check? AMW? Oder gibt es bei Spielstart jedesmal nen IP+Game Version Check? Jein das w. DE version kaufen - > kommt f. DE version kaufen - > kommt f. Bei SR2 war das ja nicht der Fall. SR3 auf gameware. Mission successful. AMUnd du bist dir da auch 1. Freund aus ? Bei SR2 war das ja nicht der Fall. Ihr k. Oder sind die dann inkompatibel? Gr. Einfach AT- Version mit deutscher IP aktivieren - uncut. O. o. Habs von Amazon, ist Deutsch und wenn ich das installiere und den Code richtig eingeben kommt da: . Der Kaufvorgang wurde abgeschlossen.? Hat es bei jemanden mit UK Version geklappt bzw bei jemanden mit AT Version NICHT geklappt? Edit: Ahh okay anscheinend gibts grad sowieso probleme wenn nicht mal die DE Version geht also warte ich mal ab bevor ich Umtausche und woanders bestelle. AMIch habe auch die UK Version und bei mir funktioniert es leider auch nicht. Egal mit welcher Version. Ab dem 1. 8. 1. 1 hat THQ Steam veranlasst nen Ragio- Lock zu machen. Die die gleich zugeschlagen haben (wie ich z. B ; )), als es Keys gab, haben Gl. Egal mit welcher Version. Ab dem 1. 8. 1. 1 hat THQ Steam veranlasst nen Ragio- Lock zu machen. Die die gleich zugeschlagen haben (wie ich z. B ; )), als es Keys gab, haben Gl. Saints Row The Third Deluxe Edition Uncut- Ri. Pe. R - Skidrow Games - Crackx. X. RIDDICK. X. x and Persia. Kingp r e s e n t. Saints Row The Third DELUXE EDITION incl. DLC Pack. RELEASE NOTESGame Type.: Action. Protection.: STEAMLanguage Game..: Englisch, Franz! Saints Schuhe, Saints Energy Drinks und. Johnny- Gat- Wackelpuppen sind in allen Gesch. Die Saints sind die K. Das Syndikat, eine legend! Pack. Saints Row: The Third - Bloodsucker Pack. Folgende DLCs sind Spielbar: -Saints Row: The Third - Genkibowl VII- Saints Row: The Third - Gangstas in Space- Saints Row: The Third - The Trouble with Clones DLCSaints Row: The Third - FUNTIME! Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Shark Attack Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Z Style Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Warrior Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Nyte Blayde Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Penthouse Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Steelport Gangs Pack- Saints Row: The Third - Special Ops Vehicle Packund viele kleine DLCs!!! ADDi. Ti. ONAL NOTES1) Unrar. Install. 3) Thats it. Play! GREETINGS RAF - HMH - Qf. Find out more about the popular book 1-2-3 Magic and learn how it may be able to prevent and address your child's behavior problems. 1-2-3 Magic Effective Discipline for Children 2-12 Share Pin.
Time- out (parenting) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Time- out (also known as social exclusion) is a form of behavioural modification that involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where unacceptable behavior occurred. The goal is to remove the child from an enriched, enjoyable environment, and therefore lead to functional punishment or extinction of the offending behavior. It is an educational and parenting technique recommended by most pediatricians and developmental psychologists as an effective form of child discipline. Often a corner (hence the common term corner time) or a similar space where the child is to stand or sit during time- outs is designated. 750.000 Copies Effective Discipline Ph.D. Easy-to-learn parenting solutions that work! This form of discipline is especially popular in western cultures. This term became popular in the US thanks to two reality TV series, Supernanny and Nanny 9. History. He introduced various elements that later composed foundations for applied behavior analysis and behavior therapy (the token reward system was another invention). Montrose Wolf, a graduate student assistant of Staats on several studies dealing with reading learning in preschoolers (see, for example, Staats, A. W.; Staats, C. K.; Schultz, R. E.; Wolf, M. M. Wolf first used Staats' time- out procedure in a 1. If we were in a public place . This procedure is preferable to other punishments such as reprimanding, yelling at or spanking the child for their misbehavior, which are type one punishments (positive punishment). Research has established that 1. Often parents use the . Also, according to developmental psychologists, parents should evaluate each situation to determine what may be causing the misbehavior, such as a toy, frustration, hunger, or lack of sleep, and then address any underlying needs before a punishment contingency should be used. Any time they are trying to reduce a problem behavior, parents should be sure that they are also teaching and reinforcing the desired replacement behavior. Furthermore, experts suggest that time- out should remain brief, proposing a general guideline: the length of time that the child should remain in time- out should correlate with the child's age - each of year of the child's age constitutes one minute in time- out. Less elaborate methods from the same class like tactical ignoring, or planned ignoring, also can be effective in cases where parental/care- giver attention is the positive reinforcement for negative behavior. This class of methods are more effective if the child gets a significant amount positive reinforcement (praise, attention) for good behavior. All punishment procedures can evoke other problem behaviors, damage rapport, or evoke escape or avoidant behaviors. For this, and other ethical reasons, behavior analysts exhaust all options for using differential reinforcement and/or extinction extinction procedures to reduce problem behavior, before considering the use of punishment procedures. Effectiveness. While some proponents of time- outs insist on silence and stillness from the child during the time- out, it is easier to use a . Those who use time- out for children to get anger and frustration . In the fixed duration condition, children were sent to time- out for a total of 4 minutes and were released from time- out whether or not they performed problem behavior during the time- out session. In the release contingency condition, children were not released from time- out if they were performing problem behavior during the last 3. The time- out was extended until there were no occurrences of problem behavior for a total of 3. Results showed that both time- out procedures were successful in reducing the problem behavior for the subjects. The subjects in the release contingency did not benefit from staying in time- out for an extended period of time either. Moreover, the results show that only 4 minutes is necessary for a successful time- out procedure. Furthermore, they claim that the parent/child bond can be damaged by forced isolation and withdrawal of love in an effort to control a child. Another argument is that time- out, like all other methods of coercive control, eventually stops working as children grow older and begin to rebel against their parents. Siegel backed away from this statement and claimed that Time Magazine distorted his message. This seems not only reasonable, but it is an overall approach supported by the research as helpful for many children. In a review of parenting intervention programs for drug- abusing mothers, researchers found that programs emphasizing behavioral approaches to discipline (such as the use of time- out and rewards) . Foster parents benefit from training that addresses these children. There are reported cases of children being locked in closets for extended periods of solitary confinement for behaviors such as crying or failing to finish an assignment. An Invitation to the Life Span. New York: Worth Publisher. Mc. Laughlin, and Randy Lee Williams. D., Nielsen, G., & Johnson, S. TIMEOUT DURATION AND THE SUPPRESSION OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN1. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5(2), 1. Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. Journal of Child and Family Studies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Parent Effectiveness Training: The Proven Program for Raising Responsible Children. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.^Kohn, A. Unconditional Parenting: Moving From Rewards and Punishments to Love and Reason. New York, NY: Atria Books.^Solter, A. Helping Young Children Flourish. Goleta, CA: Shining Star Press.^Solter, A. Goleta, CA: Shining Star Press.^Solter, A. The disadvantages of time- out. Infant Mental Health Journal. Child abusers' destructive use of 'time- out'. From Reading, Writing and the Hickory Stick, pp. Labels for Education . We have begun the process of removing the logo and expect there will be a limited number of products that contain these labels in stores through August 1, 2. Once all Labels for Education logos have been removed from the products, UPCs will no longer be accepted. The banked points schools have accumulated will not be affected. Get connected with our e- Newsletter. As the Labels for Education program is winding down, look for program updates through our e-Newsletter. Get our email newsletter. As the Labels for Education program is winding down, look for program updates through our e- Newsletter. Get our email newsletter. Save. Save. Save. MC1. 00. 0 Enterprise Class Mobile Computer from Symbol. In one simple package combining data- entry and bar code scanning capabilities, the rugged MC1. 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Experts Say Reading Recovery Is Not Effective, Leaves Too Many Children Behind. Experts Say Reading Recovery Is Not Effective, Leaves Too Many Children Behind An Open Letter from Reading Researchers. May 2. 0, 2. 00. 2 Print this page. Note to the Reader: In this open letter, more than 3. Reading Recovery. These experts urged policy makers, educational leaders, researchers, and federal research organizations to acknowledge the weaknesses of Reading Recovery. This letter responds to a number of questions that have been raised by educators, policymakers, and parents about the effectiveness of Reading Recovery, a tutoring program designed for struggling first grade students. We hope the following summary analysis will be helpful to those who are considering the most effective ways to help struggling students become proficient readers. These are not isolated opinions and the findings here are summaries of several peer- reviewed studies and syntheses of research on Reading Recovery. However, it is not our goal to discredit Reading Recovery, but as with any other program, outline its weaknesses to suggest how it can be improved. We believe this should be done for any program that is widely used to address reading difficulties. Reading Recovery is not successful with its targeted student population, the lowest performing students. There is little evidence to show that Reading Recovery has proved successful with the lowest performing students. Reading Recovery targets the lowest 1. Reading Recovery. While research distributed by the developers of Reading Recovery indicates a positive effect of the program, analyses by independent researchers have found serious problems with these conclusions. Studies conducted by researchers associated with Reading Recovery typically exclude 2. In contrast, the studies funded by the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) in the Department of Education never purposely exclude a child. The data on efficacy is based on all those who are enrolled and available for follow- up. Reading Recovery is a research. Reading Recovery is not a remedial reading. During the growth of Reading Recovery in the. Reading Recovery Review: Understandings Outcomes & Implications., Program Effectiveness, Remedial Reading. Reading Recovery has one of the best professional development protocols in the field of beginning reading. Reading Recovery programs. Reading Recovery Council of North America. Effectiveness studies assess whether an intervention works in the field and can be integrated into existing systems. Learning from What Works: Reading Recovery. Reading Programs ForStudents in the Lower Elementary Grades. Reading Recovery Council of North America. Cost Effectiveness Analysis as a Decision Tool in Selecting and Implementing Instructional Interventions in Literacy. Effectiveness Rating Grades Improvement Index; Alphabetics. Programs; Publications; News; NCER; NCES; NCSER; IES. This is known as an “intent to treat” approach, which is standard for any evaluative research. Reading Recovery’s “in- house research” does not follow an “intent to treat” approach. The National Literacy Trust is a UK charity that changes lives through literacy. We have a vision of a society in which everyone has the reading, writing, speaking. Effectiveness of Reading Recovery Programs (ERIC). Instructional Effectiveness, Primary Education, Program Descriptions, Remedial Reading. READING RECOVERY: AN EVALUATION OF BENEFITS AND COSTS. Reading Recovery programs. In fact, for the poorest readers, empirical syntheses of “in- house” and independent studies indicate that Reading Recovery is not effective. There is also evidence that students who do complete the Reading Recovery sequence in first grade lose much of their gains, even in the 6. Hiebert, 1. 99. 4; Shanahan & Barr, 1. Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1. Tunmer & Chapman, in press b). A recent study by a group from New Zealand (Chapman, Tunmer, & Prochnow, 2. Reading Recovery may experience problems with self- esteem when they do not perform well. One of the authors, Chapman, stated in an interview with a New Zealand newspaper (The Press, November 1, 1. Students actually declined in self- esteem throughout the course of the program and continued to show no acceleration or improvement in the period following the programme.”(See also Tunmer & Chapman, in press a). Reading Recovery is not a cost effective solution. Even if it were maximally effective, Reading Recovery is not cost effective because the developers require one- to- one interventions by highly trained teachers. An analysis by Hiebert (1. Reading Recovery was very expensive, costing over $8,0. At least two studies have compared Reading Recovery in a one- to- one grouping with a modified version of “Reading Recovery” administered to a small group (by definition this can’t be Reading Recovery; Evans, 1. Iversen, 1. 99. 7). There was no advantage of one- to- one instruction over small group instruction. There are other first grade programs that are demonstrably efficacious, impact more students because they do not require 1: 1 tutoring, are easier to implement, and do a better job than Reading Recovery of improving student reading skills because they do not drop students (Snow et al., 1. Torgesen, 2. 00. 0). Altogether, several studies indicate that teacher: student groupings of 1: 3 work as well as groupings of 1: 1 (Elbaum et al., 2. Many of the current NICHD and OSEP pullout interventions utilize group sizes of 1: 3 and higher. Thus, solely by virtue of the number of students who can be reached, Reading Recovery is at least 2. Reading Recovery specifically states that it is not a program for groups, but provides little empirical support for this philosophy. This philosophy is inconsistent with the research on early intervention. Reading Recovery efficacy studies do not use standard assessment measures. Most evaluations are restricted to the Reading Recovery developers’ own, nonstandard measures. These same measures are used to determine which students will be considered as part of the sample (continued versus discontinued students). Thus, outcomes are inflated and unconvincing to the research community. The primary outcome measure used by Reading Recovery “in- house” researchers that has shown the largest effect is an assessment of “text reading” developed by the authors. However, even Reading Recovery specialists acknowledge that “The text reading measure is not an equal interval scale, that is, there are smaller differences in the beginning levels than at upper levels. For beginning readers, it is necessary to look at the reader’s progress in more detail” (Askew et al., 1. Obvious candidates would involve continuous progress monitoring as implemented in numerous research studies and norm referenced tests that are widely available and commonly used in reading intervention research. With use of standard measures like those implemented by independent researchers, student performance could be compared across studies, permitting calculation of response to instruction based on the number of hours of instruction across interventions (see Torgesen, 2. Reading Recovery does not change by capitalizing on research. Reading Recovery developers have been and continue to be resistant to integrating the findings of independent, scientifically based reading research into their program and making it more cost effective. The failure to attend to research in modifying the program is its major downfall. The lack of efficacy of Reading Recovery with the poorest readers is not surprising given the research base that highlights the importance of explicit teaching of phonics for this group. Reading Recovery teaches phonics, but the instruction is not sufficiently explicit. A common finding in research on Reading Recovery is that those students who do not respond are weak in phonological awareness (Snow et al., 1. Tunmer & Chapman, in press b). In fact, research by New Zealand researchers Iverson and Tunmer (1. Reading Recovery intervention reduced the time required to complete the program by about 3. Morris, Tyner, and Perney (2. Reading Recovery with the addition of an explicit component addressing spelling- to- sound patterns was highly effective, even with those students most at risk. Reading Recovery has been independently evaluated in New Zealand, the country in which it was developed. These researchers, who have cosigned this letter, asked that this summary be included: “In New Zealand, where Reading Recovery was developed, the programme has been independently examined on two occasions. Both studies found shortcomings. In essence, the programme is failing to meet the claims regarding its objectives and success. The New Zealand Ministry of Education has stated that because of copyright issues, the Ministry is unable to make changes to the program. There is and has been considerable debate about the efficacy of Reading Recovery in New Zealand; this debate is indicative of an increasing dissatisfaction among researchers and some educators about the nature of the Reading Recovery programme. Included in this report was a recommendation, unanimously agreed to by experts from the full spectrum of views on reading: . These additions have been ignored despite research summarized in the National Research Council report, Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, which specifically outlined many of these concerns (Snow et al., 1. National Reading Panel report, the New Zealand Ministry of Education, and various reviews suggesting that such steps would greatly benefit students who are placed in Reading Recovery. In summary, the Reading First initiative, recently enacted into law as part of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2. Even with the best classroom instruction, there will still be some students who don’t make adequate progress and need additional, more intensive instruction. Reading Recovery has not met the needs of these lowest performing students. Most significantly, its excessive costs can make it more difficult for a school to provide help for all students in need, especially those who are behind in the upper grades. Thus, Reading Recovery is not a productive investment of taxpayers’ money or students’ time and is a classic example of a “one size fits all” method. No single method works with all students. Methods like Reading Recovery that are rigidly implemented and limited in the number of components of effective reading instruction will not work with all students. Reading Recovery leaves too many students behind. Sincerely,Scott Baker, Ph. D. Eugene Research Institute. University of Oregon, Eugene, ORVirginia W. Berninger, Ph. D. Department of Educational Psychology. Research Center on Human Development and Disability. University of Washington , Seattle, WAMaggie Bruck, Ph. D. Department of Psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MDJames Chapman, Ph. D. College of Education. Massey University, New Zealand. Guinevere Eden, Ph. DCenter for the Study of Learning. Georgetown University, Washington, DCBatya Elbaum. Department of Teaching and Learning. University of Miami, Miami, FLJack M. Fletcher, Ph. DDepartment of Pediatrics. University of Texas Hlth. Reading Recovery: What do School Districts Get for Their Money? Melissa Farrall. Reading Recovery: What do School Districts Get for Their Money? A Review of the Researchby Melissa Farrall, Ph. D. Print this page. Reading Recovery is an early intervention program that has been widely acclaimed as an effective means to improve the reading skills of young children. How effective is Reading Recovery? What does the research on Reading Recovery show? The purpose of Reading Recovery is to reduce the rate of reading failure. Reading Recovery purports to accomplish this goal by providing one- on- one pullout instruction to six- year- old children who are struggling to learn beginning reading skills. Children selected for the program (children who are at the bottom 2. Reading Recovery teachers. The children are taught to use various text- level strategies and techniques to recognize their errors and comprehend content. Reading Recovery consists of three components: a Diagnostic Survey; Tutoring Sessions; and Teacher Training. Diagnostic Survey. A Diagnostic Survey is administered to each child; instruction is based on the results of the survey. Tutoring Sessions. Tutoring Sessions focus on reading predictable text, reading “little” books, re- reading favorite books, writing stories, and working with self- written cut- up sentences. Children are taught to rely on context and use other strategies (guessing, looking at pictures, and using the first letter of the word as a clue) to predict unknown words. Teachers use an observation survey, a subjective, non- standardized assessment that uses the same books used during remedial sessions to provide information/data for the next tutoring session. Teacher Training. Teachers receive training in Reading Recovery procedures during a yearlong course. Is Reading Recovery Effective? Given the recent focus on the need for scientifically based programs, Reading Recovery is receiving increased scrutiny regarding claims of the program’s effectiveness. Reading experts have raised concerns about the theoretical foundation, the research base, and the costs associated with the program. These concerns include: 1. Reading Recovery lacks independent research that validates the program’s success. According to an international group of experts and researchers in reading development and intervention, there is little evidence that Reading Recovery is effective. These experts published an open letter to policy makers, researchers and others and expressed their concerns about the continued use of a reading program that is not effective and whose claims are not supported or verified by independent research. The experts note that Reading Recovery data excludes 2. Excluding these students violates the “intent to treat” requirement that is the standard for evaluative research. The “intent to treat” requirement prohibits researchers from using data selectively to make claims. The scientific community also rejected the theoretical underpinnings of Reading Recovery as described by the founder, Marie Clay (1. Clay emphasizes a top- down approach in which children use their understanding of the world to construct meaning from text. Current research provides overwhelming support for a highly structured, systematic approach to reading instruction that incorporates the alphabetic principles and phonemic awareness. Several independent studies provide evidence that: Reading Recovery is ineffective with poor readers Reading Recovery does not outperform other methodologies that require less expense and less training. Reading Recovery students do not generalize and maintain their skills According to one study, poor readers made no gains when provided with one- on- one Reading Recovery instruction (Elbaum, et. Students who completed the Reading Recovery program did not maintain their gains as they continued in school (Hiebert, 1. Shanahan & Barr 1. Teaching Assistants with little training and minimal teaching materials outperformed the Reading Recovery teachers when their students’ overall achievement was compared. Also, when Reading Recovery students are compared with Chapter I students, teachers tend to get better results with the regular Chapter I program than with Reading Recovery. This has been the case every year since 1. Reading Recovery was implemented in Canton. In Preventing Early Reading Failure and its Devastating Downward Spiral (2. Dr. Joseph Torgesen reported that how children read in the first grade predicts how they will read in the third grade without effective instruction. He noted that delays in addressing the needs of at- risk students results in a need for more individualized, more intense instruction that is also more costly. Reading Recovery does not include a standard, nondiscriminatory goal for successful completion of the program. The goal of Reading Recovery is not to bring students up to the national average in reading. The goal of Reading Recovery is to bring the poorest readers to the average of their class. This practice is likely to discriminate against poor, minority students who have the misfortune to attend poor performing inner city schools. Some experts believe that Reading Recovery may violate constitutional law by holding lower expectations for minority children. Inner city schools with large numbers of non- readers may only perform at the 2. Given the focus on attaining the class average, more resources and instruction could be allocated to high- performing schools than to low- performing schools. Reading Recovery does not measure progress objectively. The developer of Reading Recovery and the Observation Survey focused on “systematic observation” of reading behaviors, not on standardized testing that allows researchers to compare and contrast data from different studies. As a result, it is impossible to judge Reading Recovery’s efficacy in terms of national standards. Reading researchers note that the main evaluation tool for Reading Recovery is the book- level assessment. Book- level measures use repetitive sentences and pictures to help the reader guess the correct answer. These stories are highly predictable and “guessable.” Strategies that may work with artificial content are not useful when reading real or authentic text. They note that read or authentic text is unpredictable, and that most students will need more than four guesses to arrive at the correct word. The intervals used (book level measures) are not equal. Progress (from one book to another) at the lower levels of the program is not equivalent to progress at the higher levels. A high percentage of children are dropped from Reading Recovery before they complete the program. Data provided by Reading Recovery does not explain the high percentage of children who are dropped from the program, or the process of determining eligibility for the program. About 3. 0 percent of students who begin do not complete the program (Hiebert et al. At least half of the data on eligible children was not included in information provided by Reading Recovery (Shanahan & Barr, 1. To generate accurate statistics about a program’s effectiveness, scientifically based research requires that researchers study the program with respect to its effectiveness for all children, not with a select group. Reading Recovery does not serve children who are identified for special education services. Reading Recovery does not accept children who do not meet their entry- level requirements. Reading Recovery does not keep statistics on children who are dropped before they complete the program. Typically, children who are discontinued from Reading Recovery have severe deficits in phonological processing. These skills are essential for learning to read and spell. The program was designed to supplement regular literacy classes in New Zealand. Reading Recovery does not reduce the need for special education and Title I services. Several studies indicate that students who complete Reading Recovery do not continue to learn at a rate commensurate with their peers. Only 1. 4. 7% of these students reached national norms (Pollack (1. Only 6. 5% percent of all eligible students reached national norms. According to the Wake County Public School System in North Carolina, Reading Recovery students “compared to a control group were just as likely to be retained, placed in special education, or served in . Reading Recovery is expensive when compared to programs that are more effective. There is widespread agreement between Reading Recovery advocates and critics that Reading Recovery does not raise overall school reading performance (Hiebert, 1. Pinnell & Lyons, 1. According to one study, Reading Recovery was not cost effective because of the high costs of teacher training and the requirements for one- on- one instruction. One study found that “thirty hours of instruction for one child in Reading Recovery costs more than a full year of schooling for the child” (Grossen, Coutler, and Ruggles, 1. According to these authors, it would be more effective to use the annual Reading Recovery budget to reduce class size and implement an effective school- wide program for reading that would benefit all children. Summary. Independent research does not validate Reading Recovery’s claims of success. Reading Recovery lacks a standard, nondiscriminatory goal for improving reading skills. Reading Recovery does not use standard measures of assessment to document progress. In house- data from Reading Recovery does not account for the high number of children who are dropped from the program, or for the selection process used to determine eligibility for the program. Reading Recovery does not reduce the need for special education and Title I services. Finally, Reading Recovery is expensive when compared to other programs. Does success in the Reading Recovery program depend on developing proficiency in phonological processing skills? A longitudinal study in a whole language instructional context. Scientific Studies in Reading, 5, 1. |
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